新定义英语之所以经久不衰是由于以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全方位的技术练习，为英语学习者排忧解难，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和青睐。想要学好英语的你，怎能错过？快来加入学习吧！无忧考网为您提供了以下内容，期望可以为大伙学习新定义英语提供协助!
新定义第四册Lesson22课文翻译及学习笔记
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
In what two areas have people made no 'progress' at all?
Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.
G.N.M.TYRRELL The Personality of Man
loom v. 赫然耸起
manifest adj.明显的
morality n. 道德
communicate v. 交流，交际
compound adj. 复合的
enhance v. 增进
tempo n. 速率
trickle n. 涓涓细流
torrent n. 滔滔洪流
humanity n. 人类
indifferently adv. 不在乎地
grimly adv. 可怖地
whimsical adj. 怪诞的
shatter v. 毁坏
twofold adj. 双重的
1.loom，隐现;即将发生。
①If something looms over you, it appears as a large or unclear shape, often in a frightening way.
例句：The mountainous island loomed on the horizon.
那座巨大的岛屿隐隐约约浮目前地平线上。
②If a worrying or threatening situation or event is looming, it seems likely to happen soon.
例句：The looming threat of recession made them anxious.
近在眼前的经济衰退让他们很是焦虑。
2.take place，发生。
take place和happen意思相近，都有发生的意思，但take place更强调有人为原因参与的某事发生、有计划的使某事发生，而happen多指没有计划的、自然发生的。来看几个例子就知道了^^
例句：The fete will take place on Sunday, rain or shine.
游园义卖会定於星期日举行，风雨无阻。
这句话用happen就不妥，由于fete是不会无计划、自然而然自身发生的。
例句：The accident happened at the corner of the street.
意料之外发生在街角。
这句话中由于accident不是人为安排的让其发生的，所以用happen更好。
3.undergo，经历，遭受。
If you undergo something necessary or unpleasant, it happens to you.
例句：During the past few decades, this city has undergone great changes.
过去的几十年中，这座城市经历了巨大的变化。
undergo changes是个比较正式地道的表达。
4.with the invention of wrinting，短语中的with是“由于”的意思。
5.education in its turn added to libraries，教育反过来也丰富了藏书。
①in turn，反过来，转而。
例句：One of the members of the surgical team leaked the story to a fellow physician who, in turn, confided in a reporter.
医疗队中的一名成员把故事告诉了一名内科医生，该内科医生转而又告诉了记者。
②in turn，轮流。
例句：The girls called out their names in turn.
那些女孩儿逐一报出我们的名字。
6.a kind of compound interest law，一种复利法则。compound interest law有时也被称作“雪球法则”，即利上滚利，增长很快。
7.turn...to account，借助……。
例句：We should turn knowledge to good account to build a better future.
大家应该好好借助常识，创造一个美好的将来。
8.Could any spectacle,...to restore them?这句话从形式上是个疑问句，但实质上起一个加大语气的陈述句的用途，这种疑问句常被称为修辞疑问句。
9.this twofold use of knowledge，常识的这种双重性。
twofold表示双重性：You can use twofold to introduce a topic that has two equally important parts.
例句：The case against is twofold: too risky and too expensive.
反对的理由有两个：太冒险，太昂贵。
为何进步这个定义在现代世界显得如此突出?无疑是由于有一种特殊的进步事实上正在大家周围发生，而且变得愈来愈明显。虽然人类有智力和道德上没有得到一般提升，但在常识积累方面却获得了巨大的进步。人一旦能用语言同其他人交流思想，常识的积累便开始了。伴随书写的创造，又迈进了一大步，由于这样一来，常识不仅能交流，而且能储存了。藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，由于常识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的创造又大大提升了常识增长的速度。所有这些进步都比较缓慢，而伴随科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。于是，常识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。而且，新常识一旦获得，便得到实质应用。所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡进步的结果，而是积累起来的常识应用到实质生活中的结果。目前人类面临的问题是：用这些常识去做什么?正像大家常常指出的，常识是一把双刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用来为害。大家目前正漫不经心地把常识用于这两个方面，例如：炮兵借助科学毁坏人的身体、而外科医生就在附近用科学抢救被炮兵毁坏的人体，还有哪些情景比这更可怕、更怪诞的吗?大家不得不严肃地问问大家自身：伴随日益增长的常识的力量，假如大家继续借助常识的这种双重性，将会发生哪种状况呢?
新定义第四册Lesson23课文翻译及学习笔记
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air,travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse. Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.
WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countryman's Creed
albatross n. 信天翁
sustenance n. 支撑力
glider n. 滑翔者
harness v. 借助
endow v. 赋有
ply v. 不断地供给
gale n. 大风
partridge n. 鹧鸪
like adj. 类似的
propulsion n. 推进力
utter adj. 完全的
slip v. 滑行
adverse adj. 逆的，相反的
omen n. 预兆
1. keep company with
①伴随着……
例句：She stayed at home to keep company with her younger sister.
她留在家里伴随她妹妹。
②交往
例句：Never keep company with dishonest persons.
不要与不诚实的人打交道。
2. course与coarse, 两个单词虽然很像，但是意义却大不相同。
①course n. 路线、航线、航向
例句：The ship had been blown off course in the storm.
这艘船在暴风雨中被刮得偏离了航向。
②coarse adj. 粗的，粗糙的
例句：Homespun is a cloth of coarse weave.
土布是一种织得粗糙的布。
3. harness v.
①给……上挽具;套[]
例句：The farmer harnessed the horse to the cart.
农夫把马套到马车上。
②治理,借助;控制,驾驭
例句：They will harness the sun's energy to heat homes.
他们将借助太阳能为住宅供暖。
It will take a couple of years to harness that river.
治理那条河流要花两三年时间。
4. be endowed with 天生具有
例句：He is endowed with literary talent.
他有文学天分。
5. steel-like musles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird
句中以that引导的从句是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰muscles。that引导的非限制性是很罕见的，但并非没有。
例句：She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that I used to meet at Dumdum.
她像坎特小姐一样恶毒，我在达姆城曾领教过坎特小姐。
Age，that lessens the enjoyment of life, increases our desire of living.
年龄，消磨着人生的欢乐，也增加了大家求生的欲望。
6.ply v. 不断提供
例句：And don't ply foreigners with lots and lots of disparate questions.
不要没完没了地向老外提出很多的互不有关的问题。
7. ①in highest measure / to the highest degree 程度地， measure在这里是“程度”的意思。
例句：He resembles his mother in highest measure.
他长得像极了他的母亲。
②in some measure / to some degree 在某种程度上
例句：I agree with him in some measure.
我有几分同意他的建议。
We must admit that your unwearied effort is in some measure successful.
大家需要承认你们不屈不挠的的努力多少是成功的。
8. travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home
travelling it may be是倒装语序，这是为了强调travelling的生动逼真，自然语序是it may be travelling。
9. slip v.
①滑，滑倒
例句：I was unlucky to slip on a banana skin and fall over.
我真倒霉，踩在香蕉皮上滑倒了。
②溜;悄悄走;不知不觉地过去
例句：The student slipped out of the classroom.
那学生溜出了教室。
10. adverse adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的
例句：The development was adverse to our interests.
这种进步与自己的利益背道而驰。
opposite, contrary, adverse, reverse, converse
这些形容词均含“相反的、对立的”之意。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着必定另一方的意味。
adverse: 一般指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面的。
converse: 指在方向、行动或建议上相反的。
没有任何两种鸟的飞行方法是相同的。鸟的飞行方法千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。任何一艘横度太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁随着飞行许多天。它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。沿船体的上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以足够的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类，它能自如地驾驭空气，但需要顺气流飞行。与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领。它更近乎于人类自夸的“征服”了空气的发动机。野鸭及它们一样的鸽子有天赋的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的很大一部分。这些肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这种类型鸟能顶着大风飞行很远的路才会疲劳。次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有一样的巨大推进力，但很快会疲劳。假如海风驱使它们飞行很长距离，你可以捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，它既不疲劳，也不炫耀我们的飞翔力;在空中十分自如，可以飞行6，000英里，可以飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回;一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，似乎气流在帮它前进。这些鸟对大家是有益的，虽然大家不再从它们的飞翔姿态来占卜吉凶，连最迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。
新定义第四册Lesson24课文翻译及学习笔记
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest to the human mind?
A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods, Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.
C.E.M.JOAD Pieces of Mind
intense adj. 强烈的
aesthetic adj. 审美的
realm n. 世界
serenity n. 静谧
undeniable adj. 不能否认的
indefinable adj. 模糊不清的
vulgar adj. 平庸的
radiance n. 发光
intimation n. 暗示
unutterable adj. 不可言传的
invest v. 赋予
1. catch a glimpse of 瞥见，瞥一眼
例句： We can catch a glimpse of the downtown districts.
大家可以瞥见市区。
2. in some way higher
①in some way是“在某种程度上”， higher与前面different and 是并列的，做realm of existence 的定语。
例句： I may be able to help you in some way.
我或许可以从某个方面去协助你。
②in a way “从某种意义上”
例句： In a way they played a vanguard role.
在某种意义上说，他们起了先锋的用途。
3. yet do they convey a hint of beauty
①do起强调功效，放在主语之前更具有强调的意义。
②convey vt. 表达， 传达， 运输， 转移
例句： I find it hard to convey my feelings in word.
我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。
vt. [律]让与
例句： The farm was conveyed to his son.
那块农田让给了他的儿子。
bring, carry, take, fetch, get, convey, transport
这些动词均有“带、拿、取”之意。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方法。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方法。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有肯定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方法。
fetch: 指一往一返，等于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方法把人或物送到目的地。
transport: 指采用汽车或机械设施把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
③a hint of 少许，一点点
例句： There was more than a hint of sadness in his voice.
他的声音里有许多哀伤的成分。
4. be fitted to
例句： The policy should be fitted to a new situation.
这项政策需要适应新形势。
5. undeniable adj. 不能否认的， 无可辩驳的
例句： But two-digit growth is undeniable.
但两位数的涨幅是不能否认的。
What was undeniable was the wide appeal of this popular humour.
无可否认的是这种大众幽默很受人欢迎。
6. In some moods Nature shares it. 在某种状况下，大自然也具有这种力量。it是指前面一句中this power of suggesting a world beyond。
7. vulgar adj. 通俗的，粗俗的，乡土的
例句：Her taste in clothing is rather vulgar.
她穿着相当俗气。
vulgar, coarse, crude, gross 这些形容词均含“粗鲁的，粗俗的”之意。
vulgar : 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺少教养。
coarse : 指缺少教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
crude : 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺少教养。
gross : 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
8. in a word 总而言之， 简言之
例句：In a word, we must just leave now.
总而言之，大家需要目前就走。
In a word, the situation is serious.
总而言之，形势很严峻
9. invest v.
①资金投入;加入
例句：He invested all his money in real estate.
他把钱全部资金投入房产。
②授予，赋予
例句：The trade union is invested with the power to call a strike.
工会被授于号召罢工的权力。
The ancient castle was invested with an air of mystery.
这座古堡充满神秘的氛围。
10. in terms of 用……的话;根据，从……方面来说
例句：In term of money, he's quite rich, but not in term of happiness.
就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。
Staying up late makes him at his worst in terms of physical situation.
熬夜使得他的体力情况处于低潮。
一个青年看到日落，由于没办法理解和表达日落在他心中唤起的激情，便得出结论：日落处想必是通往遥远世界的大门。无论是谁，在强烈感受到美的时刻，心中都不禁油然而生一种遐想：大家似乎瞥见从另一个世界射向自己的一线光芒，那个世界不仅不一样于大家这个世界，而且由于美感的强烈感染，在某些方面比大家这个世界更美好。虽然这光芒令人眼花缭乱，但它确实给予大家一种不曾经历和没办法想象的美感和静谧的启示。这种美感和静谧是大家没办法描述的，由于大家创造的语言是用来描述大家这个世界的含义，不可以随便拿来去描述另一个世界。
不能否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人遐想到进入天外世界的魅力。在某种状况下，大自然也有这种魅力。六月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个愈加蔚蓝的苍穹;美丽的落日总会引起一个愈加绚丽的景象，这景象未及饱览便一闪即逝，并在消逝中给人留下不可名状的渴望和惆怅。假如这个世界不仅是一个拙劣的恶作剧，假如人生不仅是群星寒光中平凡的一闪，假如存在不仅是对神秘事物的一阵空虚的笑声，假如某种玄妙事物的暗示不是消化不好的引起的邪恶情绪，也不是魔鬼为了捉弄大家，使大家发狂而送给自己的邪念，一句话，假如美有某种意义的话，大家千万不要去阐明它的意义。假如我瞥见了只可意会不可言传的事物，企图把它说出来，那是不明智的;对于大家不理解的事物，大家也不应该去赋予它某种意义。用对大家人类有意义的词句来讲解美是没有意义的。
